New
measurements suggest the Earth's inner core is far hotter than prior
experiments suggested, putting it at 6,000C - as hot as the Sun's
surface. The solid iron core is actually crystalline, surrounded by liquid. But the temperature at which that crystal can form had been a subject of long-running debate. Experiments outlined in Science used X-rays to probe tiny samples of iron at extraordinary pressures to examine how the iron crystals form and melt. Seismic waves captured after earthquakes around the globe can
give a great deal of information as to the thickness and density of
layers in the Earth, but they give no indication of temperature.
That has to be worked out either in computer models that simulate the Earth's insides, or in the laboratory.
X-ray vision
Measurements in the early 1990s of iron's "melting curves" -
from which the core's temperature can be deduced - suggested a core
temperature of about 5,000C. "It was just the beginning of these kinds of measurements so
they made a first estimate... to constrain the temperature inside the
Earth," said Agnes Dewaele of the French research agency CEA and a
co-author of the new research.
"Other people made other measurements and calculations with
computers and nothing was in agreement. It was not good for our field
that we didn't agree with each other," she told BBC News.
The core temperature is crucial to a number of disciplines
that study regions of our planet's interior that will never be accessed
directly - guiding our understanding of everything from earthquakes to
the Earth's magnetic field. "We have to give answers to geophysicists, seismologists,
geodynamicists - they need some data to feed their computer models," Dr
Dewaele said.
The team has now revisited those 20-year-old measurements,
making use of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility - one of the
world's most intense sources of X-rays.
To replicate the enormous pressures at the core boundary -
more than a million times the pressure at sea level - they used a device
called a diamond anvil cell - essentially a tiny sample held between
the points of two precision-machined synthetic diamonds.
Once the team's iron samples were subjected to the high
pressures and high temperatures using a laser, the scientists used X-ray
beams to carry out "diffraction" - bouncing X-rays off the nuclei of
the iron atoms and watching how the pattern changed as the iron changed
from solid to liquid.
Those diffraction patterns give more insight into partially
molten states of iron, which the team believes were what the researchers
were measuring in the first experiments.
They suggest a core temperature of about 6,000C, give or take 500C - roughly that of the Sun's surface.
But importantly, Dr Dewaele said, "now everything agrees".
No comments:
Post a Comment