Friday, 9 August 2013
Osiris, The First Messiah: Was Jesus The “Second Coming” Of Egypt’s Christ?
Among the ruins of ancient Egypt are the records of a bearded, long-haired Savior, whose resurrection from the dead influenced generations of followers to believe in life after death. He was called “Shepherd,” “King of Kings,” and “Lord of Lords,” and he was depicted in art for thousands of years with the ankh cross of eternal life. The first King of Egypt, he was recorded in myth as the recurring “Phoenix” bird who appears perennially in the East to herald each new age. As Judge of the dead on the Day of Judgment—the position Christ later held—he enforced the sacred law. Every Pharaoh dressed in his image (a bearded shepherd with long hair—identical to Christ) while sitting on his throne. The deceased were entombed under his likeness to gain immortality through him. Does this very ancient and very Christ-like Egyptian king hold the key to the world’s future?
The
mysterious “First Coming” of Christ in Egypt. Like Jesus, the more
ancient god “Osiris” (Asar) was a bearded shepherd with long hair
carrying a cross signifying “life” after death.
For thousands of years before Christianity, the ancient Egyptians transformed the corpses of their beloved deceased into the image of a bearded shepherd with long hair—the same image we associate with Christ. The reason they did this, according to Egyptologists, is so they could follow in his resurrection from the dead!
The Egyptian name of this Christ-like resurrected Savior whom the Egyptians sought to follow was Asar (“Osiris” in Greek) and the extent and ramifications of his parallels to the later “Christ” figure of history have not yet been truly grasped by scholars or Egyptologists.
Just look at the images below; note the distinctly “Christ-like” features on the anthropomorphic coffins of both King Tut and King Psusennes, two well-known pharaohs. Both of their coffins bear the same exact image, namely a bearded shepherd with long hair—the same image attributed to Christ later in history!
- See more at: http://www.richardcassaro.com/osiris-the-first-messiah-was-jesus-the-second-coming-of-egypts-christ#sthash.VKYve0To.dpuf
For thousands of years before Christianity, the ancient Egyptians transformed the corpses of their beloved deceased into the image of a bearded shepherd with long hair—the same image we associate with Christ. The reason they did this, according to Egyptologists, is so they could follow in his resurrection from the dead!
The Egyptian name of this Christ-like resurrected Savior whom the Egyptians sought to follow was Asar (“Osiris” in Greek) and the extent and ramifications of his parallels to the later “Christ” figure of history have not yet been truly grasped by scholars or Egyptologists.
Just look at the images below; note the distinctly “Christ-like” features on the anthropomorphic coffins of both King Tut and King Psusennes, two well-known pharaohs. Both of their coffins bear the same exact image, namely a bearded shepherd with long hair—the same image attributed to Christ later in history!
- See more at: http://www.richardcassaro.com/osiris-the-first-messiah-was-jesus-the-second-coming-of-egypts-christ#sthash.VKYve0To.dpuf
The mysterious “First Coming” of Christ in Egypt. Like Jesus, the more ancient god “Osiris” (Asar) was a bearded shepherd with long hair carrying a cross signifying “life” after death.
For thousands of years before Christianity, the ancient Egyptians transformed the corpses of their beloved deceased into the image of a bearded shepherd with long hair—the same image we associate with Christ. The reason they did this, according to Egyptologists, is so they could follow in his resurrection from the dead!
The Egyptian name of this Christ-like resurrected Savior whom the Egyptians sought to follow was Asar (“Osiris” in Greek) and the extent and ramifications of his parallels to the later “Christ” figure of history have not yet been truly grasped by scholars or Egyptologists.
Just look at the images below; note the distinctly “Christ-like” features on the anthropomorphic coffins of both King Tut and King Psusennes, two well-known pharaohs. Both of their coffins bear the same exact image, namely a bearded shepherd with long hair—the same image attributed to Christ later in history!
Above: Anthropomorphic Egyptian coffins with Christ-like dimensions, formed by the headdress (long hair), plaited beard (beard), and shepherd’s crook.
- See more at: http://www.richardcassaro.com/osiris-the-first-messiah-was-jesus-the-second-coming-of-egypts-christ#sthash.VKYve0To.dpuf
Above: Anthropomorphic Egyptian coffins with Christ-like dimensions, formed by the headdress (long hair), plaited beard (beard), and shepherd’s crook.
The Egyptian headdress (called the nemes headdress) clearly symbolizes long hair, as it was tied into a ponytail in the back of the head, as is often done with long hair.
Left: Nemes headdress, tied into a ponytail.
The
beard on the Egyptian chin is reminiscent of the beard of Christ. Most
pictures portray Christ as bearded.
earded.
Egyptian
coffins also display a shepherd’s staff in the left hand; the staff
later became a Christian symbol. Jesus described himself as the “Good
Shepherd” of the human flock, and portraits of Christ show him holding
the shepherd’s staff.
The shepherd’s staff was depicted in the hands of Osiris in Egyptian
artwork, thousands of years earlier. In literature his epithets Sa and Asar-Sa mean “Shepherd” and “Osiris the Shepherd.”
It should also be noted that Christ is described in the gospels as
using the flail to chase money-changers from the temple. In Egypt, the
flail was held in the opposite hand of the crook, the two forming a
balanced cross at the chest:
For
thousands of years countless Egyptian Pharaohs went to their graves
wearing the headdress and beard, and holding the shepherd’s staff. They
were transforming their outward appearance into the image of Osiris to
follow his resurrection.
E.A. Wallis Budge (1857 – 1934), one of the world’s most renowned Egyptologists, said:
“The central figure of the ancient Egyptian Religion
was Osiris, and the chief fundamentals of his cult were the belief in
his divinity, death, resurrection, and absolute control of the destinies
of the bodies and souls of men. The central point of each Osirian’s
Religion was his hope of resurrection in a transformed body and of
immortality, which could only be realized by him through the death and
resurrection of Osiris.”
—E.A. Wallis Budge, Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection
Early in Egyptian history it was a religious custom to bury the dead
kings in the image of Osiris. Later the upper classes and eventually the
common masses were given an Osirian burial.
The
Osirian burial; the goal was to be entombed in the image of Osiris.
Henri Frankfort, a former professor of Preclassical Antiquity at the University of London, explained:
“It
may be well to emphasize that the identification of the dead with
Osiris was a means to an end, that is, to reach resurrection in the
Hereafter.”
—Henri Frankfort, Kingship and the Gods
Interestingly,
the name “Osiris” (Ausar) in hieroglyphics contains the silhouette of a
bearded man with long hair—the same exact image engraved on the
anthropomorphic coffins!
The
name Asar (Osiris) in Egyptian hieroglyphs features the image of a
bearded man with long hair.
What
is the meaning of this fascinating riddle? Looking at this ancient
Egyptian funerary custom through the more modern eyes of our Christian
past it almost seems as if Osiris was a kind of “First Coming” of Christ
on earth. The Egyptians were clearly the first Christians in the sense
that they believed in “life” after death by following in the footsteps
of their resurrected Savior.
Incredibly, this “life” after death was expressed by the ankh cross,
another symbol with a significant counterpart in Christianity!
Cross of Life
The
ankh was the most revered and prolific emblem in Egypt. It was
inscribed on tombs and temples and it was depicted in the hands of gods,
kings, priests, viziers, ordinary citizens, and their children. No one
knows its origins. Its meaning of “life” after death is strikingly
similar to the meaning of Christ’s crucifix, also symbolic of “life”
after death.
(Jesus’ Doctrine of Eternal Life is a recurring theme in the New Testament. In John 11:25 Jesus says: “I am the resurrection, and the life: he that believeth in me, though he were dead yet shall he live: And whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die.”)
It should be noted that symbolists see in the ankh the outline of a crucified man: the circle represents his head, the horizontal line his two arms, and the vertical line his legs nailed to the cross as one.
- See more at: http://www.richardcassaro.com/osiris-the-first-messiah-was-jesus-the-second-coming-of-egypts-christ#sthash.VKYve0To.dpuf
(Jesus’ Doctrine of Eternal Life is a recurring theme in the New Testament. In John 11:25 Jesus says: “I am the resurrection, and the life: he that believeth in me, though he were dead yet shall he live: And whosoever liveth and believeth in me shall never die.”)
It should be noted that symbolists see in the ankh the outline of a crucified man: the circle represents his head, the horizontal line his two arms, and the vertical line his legs nailed to the cross as one.
- See more at: http://www.richardcassaro.com/osiris-the-first-messiah-was-jesus-the-second-coming-of-egypts-christ#sthash.VKYve0To.dpuf
The
ankh was the most revered and prolific emblem in Egypt. It was
inscribed on tombs and temples and it was depicted in the hands of gods,
kings, priests, viziers, ordinary citizens, and their children. No one
knows its origins. Its meaning of “life” after death is strikingly
similar to the meaning of Christ’s crucifix, also symbolic of “life”
after death.
(Jesus’
Doctrine of Eternal Life is a recurring theme in the New Testament. In
John 11:25 Jesus says: “I am the resurrection, and the life: he that
believeth in me, though he were dead yet shall he live: And whosoever
liveth and believeth in me shall never die.”)
It
should be noted that symbolists see in the ankh the outline of a
crucified man: the circle represents his head, the horizontal line his
two arms, and the vertical line his legs nailed to the cross as one.
Day of Judgment
After his resurrection Osiris became judge of the souls of the dead.
In this position he held the power to grant life in heaven to those who
behaved righteously on earth.
Osiris as Judge of the Dead on the Day of Judgment, from The Papyrus of Hunefer, 1285 BC.
Wallis Budge explained:
“the belief that Osiris was the impartial judge of
men’s deeds and words, who rewarded the righteous, and punished the
wicked, and ruled over a heaven which contained only sinless beings, and
that he possessed the power to do these things because he had lived on
earth, and suffered death, and risen from the dead, is as old as
dynastic civilization in Egypt…”
—Wallis Budge, Osiris and the Egyptian Resurrection
The Day of Judgment is a central tenet of the Christian religion. The
souls of the deceased shall stand before the judgment seat of Christ.
Those who have followed his teachings during their lives shall be deemed
righteous and be admitted to heaven. II Corinthians 5:10 says:
“For we must all appear before the judgment seat
[emphasis added] of Christ; that every one may receive the things done
in his body, according to that he hath done, whether it be good or bad.”
Depictions of Christ and Osiris as judge are remarkably similar. Michelangelo’s The Last Judgment has many common features to the Day of Judgment etched on Egyptian papyri and carved on tomb walls.
Jesus as Judge of the Dead on the Day of Judgment, from The Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo 1512.
In the Egyptian ceremony the heart of the deceased, symbolic of his
virtue, moral character, and earthly deeds, was laid on a set of scales
and weighed against a single feather representing maat, the divine law.
If the scales balanced, the deceased was allowed to pass into heaven.
As judge, Osiris was always portrayed in the seated position, a
posture that parallels the New Testament’s descriptions of the judgment
seat of Christ.
What are we to make of these striking similarities? Did Christian
scholars simply “borrow” images and symbols of Osiris from the Egyptian
religion? Or does this evidence reveal a profound and hitherto
undiscovered recurring “Messianic Phenomenon” that has been affecting
the course of human civilization? By uncovering the similarities common
to the Egyptian and Christian religions are we, in fact, re-discovering
the sacred blueprints of an ancient Messianic tradition that has been
attempting to accelerate man’s cultural and spiritual development since
the beginning of history?
Myth vs. Fact
No one knows the origin of the Osiris story. The first written
accounts of Osiris come down to us from sources outside Egypt by way of
ancient historians such as Diodorus Siculus (1st C. BC), Herodotus (5th
C. BC), and Plutarch (1st C. AD). These classical writers describe
Osiris as a semi-divine king who abolished cannibalism, taught men and
women to live according to the law of maat, improved their morality,
and, filled with love for mankind, set out on a quest to travel the
world and bring the benefits of civilization to other cultures. Their
commentary continues with mythological descriptions of the murder of
Osiris by a jealous brother named Seth; his rebirth, accomplished by the
magic of his sister/wife, Isis; and his second death, caused again by
Seth, who dismembered his body and scattered the pieces up and down the
Nile. After the utter destruction of Osiris his son, Horus, defeats Seth
in an epochal battle thereby vindicating his murdered father.
The myth of Osiris seems to take place half in our world and half in
an enchanted world of magic and make-believe. This element of fiction is
responsible, in part, for the misconception that Osiris was a fictional
being. The facts left among the ruins of ancient Egypt tell an entirely
different story. The Osirian religion sparked a renaissance among the
ancient Nile-dwellers the effects of which impacted every facet of their
primitive society. It instilled in them a high moral code, a sense of
good and evil, and an inclination toward brotherly love and admiration
unprecedented in human history and unparalleled by any other ancient
nation.
It also fostered a highly advanced philosophy. Osiris worshippers
realized the human body was neither perfect nor permanent. But they were
also convinced death was not the end of their being. There was an
eternal, spiritual element within them that would rise – resurrect –
from the body and exist in a higher spiritual realm, provided their
behavior was in accordance with a high moral code (maat). Consequently,
they never became too attached to the things of this world. This is
precisely the same philosophy expressed in the true religion of
Christianity (i.e., not the Church’s version), sparked by the life,
death, and resurrection of the Christian Savior.
Osiris The Phoenix
The Egyptians likened the spirit of Osiris to a heavenly bird, much
like Christianity portrays the soul of Jesus as a white and shining
dove. The Egyptians called the bird Benu, the Greeks called it the
Phoenix. According to legend this magnificent creature miraculously
appears in the eastern sky during fixed points in history to announce
the start of a new world age. When it appears the bird mysteriously sets
itself ablaze and is suddenly consumed by fire and ashes. However, it
arises triumphantly from death renewed and rejuvenated.
Scholars unanimously believe the phoenix was a symbol of Osiris. German Philologist Adolf Erman explained “the soul of Osiris…dwells in the bird Benu, the phoenix….” 4 A passage from the Coffin Texts supports this observation:
“I am that great Phoenix which is in On. Who is he? He is Osiris. The supervisor of what exists. Who is he? He is Osiris.”
—Egyptian Coffin Texts, R.O. Faulkner Translation
The attributes of Osiris as phoenix are the same attributes
associated with the Christian Messiah. Both the phoenix and the Messiah
appear in the eastern sky (the star of Bethlehem arose in the east
heralding the newborn King). Both rise from the dead. Both embody the
theme of life after death through resurrection. Both herald the star of
new ages. (Christ’s appearance initiated the current age: BC/AD.)
Finally, and perhaps most importantly, both are associated with the
promise of a destined re-appearance (Christians are currently expecting
Christ’s re-appearance, i.e., the Doctrine of the Second Coming).
What is the significance behind the parallels common to the phoenix
and the Messiah? Does the phoenix myth enshrine wisdom of the
appearances of a recurring Savior in human history, a Savior whose life,
death, and resurrection was purposely designed to accelerate the
development of human culture? Is there a powerful and well-guarded
tradition expressed in the myth of Egypt’s enigmatic phoenix? A
tradition that is now on the verge of being re-discovered?
The “FIRST TIME” of Osiris
The Egyptians associated the first appearance of the phoenix with a
golden age in their founding history known as Zep Tepi, the “First
Time.” They were convinced the foundations of their civilization were
established during this remote and glorious epoch. R. T. Rundle Clark,
former professor of Egyptology at Manchester University, commented on
the ancients conception of the First Time:
“Anything whose existence or authority had to be
justified or explained must be referred to the ‘First Time.’ This was
true for natural phenomena, rituals, royal insignia, the plans of
temples, magical or medical formulae, the hieroglyphic system
of writing, the calendar – the whole paraphernalia of the
civilization…All that was good or efficacious was established on the
principles laid down in the “First Time” – which was, therefore, a
golden age of absolute perfection…”
—R. T. Rundle Clark, Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt
The First Time seems to have been the period during which Osiris
reigned as foremost king of Egypt. It was during this era that he
established law (maat) and initiated worship of Ra, Egypt’s monotheistic
God. Rundle Clark explained:
“The reign of Osiris was a golden age, the model for subsequent generations.”
—R. T. Rundle Clark, Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt
Maat and monotheism, the “model for subsequent generations” set forth
by Osiris, was the driving force behind Egyptian culture for thousands
of years.
What exactly does the phrase “the First Time” mean? Could it possibly
be an arcane reference to the first appearance–the First Coming–of the
Christian Savior on earth? Was there a Messianic guiding force behind
the rise of Egyptian culture?—The same Messianic guiding force that has
inaugurated the empire of Christendom? Was the “First Time” an era
during which an ancient Messianic tradition was established? —A
tradition aimed at revealing cultural wisdom, law, and spiritual truth
to mankind during different historical epochs? Is the Third Time almost
upon us again? Is the Savior machine about to activate once again,
perhaps for the third and final time?
- See more at:
http://www.richardcassaro.com/osiris-the-first-messiah-was-jesus-the-second-coming-of-egypts-christ#sthash.VKYve0To.dpuf
- See
more at:
http://www.richardcassaro.com/osiris-the-first-messiah-was-jesus-the-second-coming-of-egypts-christ#sthash.VKYve0To.dpuf
- See more at:
http://www.richardcassaro.com/osiris-the-first-messiah-was-jesus-the-second-coming-of-egypts-christ#sthash.VKYve0To.dpuf
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http://www.richardcassaro.com/osiris-the-first-messiah-was-jesus-the-second-coming-of-egypts-christ#sthash.VKYve0To.dpuf
Left: Nemes headdress, tied into a ponytail.
Shortcut ADONIS
Whiling away your time through the year, and cramming two days before an exam may not take you far. That's a lesson we learnt early at school. Strangely, adults are making the same mistake all over again, except this time, it's at the gym. The 'weekend warrior' syndrome refers to leading a sedentary lifestyle through the week, and hitting the gym with a vengeance over weekends. Until three years ago, Rajneesh Sharma, a 42 year-old textile dealer from Powai, was committed to an exercise routine, but a 12-hour work day meant he'd make time for it only on weekends. To compensate for the inactivity on weekdays, and in hope of burning calories earned through pav bhaji and beef burgers, he'd make sure the weekend session at the gym was nothing short of intensive.
However, since his body was not used to working out regularly, Sharma sustained repeated injuries — first, a shoulder tendonitis, then a knee injury and finally stiffness in the neck.
ARE YOU ONE, TOO? A weekend warrior like Sharma is at risk of sustaining a host of injuries including muscular rupture, skeletal fractures, dislocated joints and in extreme cases, a heart attack. In Sharma's case, he'd train for 2.5 hours a day on weekends, doing exercise sets that covered all parts of his body, from forearms to glutes.
"Long working hours make you lazy. I couldn't make the time for exercise, Monday to Friday," he admits. On hitting the gym, he would head straight for the heavy weights, without doing the crucial warm up first. A 10-minute warm up (walking/ jogging) is essential before exercising, as it helps increase blood circulation gradually. It's akin to oiling a rusty vehicle. Your heart rate increases gradually and your muscles warm up to prevent injury. Your ligaments and tendons become more flexible, reducing the chance of tears.
Sharma's first injury occurred when he was in the middle of shoulder raises using 30-kilo weights. "I should have stuck to 10 kilos," says Sharma, who suffered tendonitis (inflammation) in the right rotator cuff — muscles and tendons that connect the upper arm bone to the shoulder blade.
The following week, when he could not carry his laptop bag on his shoulder, he took a painkiller and continued with the workout the following weekend. Over few more weekends, when the pain worsened, he suffered his second injury. The patella (kneecap) on his left leg maltracked.
"I wasn't doing lunges the right way and I felt a sudden pain in my left knee. I couldn't bend it, stand up easily or walk down the stairs," he says. Sharma's metabolism was affected too. With long gaps between physical activity and unhealthy meals, his blood sugar levels fluctuated, disrupting his metabolism. "It was frustrating. I was storing more fat than I was burning," he says, adding that he weighed 96 kilos at the time.
WHY DOES IT HAPPEN?
Dr Poonam Bajaj, a physiotherapist whom Sharma consulted says, intense weekend-only workouts are worse than no exercise. "It's like packing in four meals just at dinner time. A vigorous workout on the weekend does the same thing to your muscles that overeating does to your stomach," she explains.
The aim of exercise is to raise the heart beat while improving lung function. Bajaj explained to Sharma that, when he was lazing through the week and shocking his body with sudden exercise, he was in fact, straining his heart beyond capacity. "Irregular heart beats can cause a heart attack. Rajneesh corrected himself in time," says Bajaj.
MERS Virus Infecting Camels Too
LONDON: In a major breakthrough, the origin of the deadly SARS like virus and how it is spreading across the Middle East may have been found.
For the first time since the World Health Organization announced the emergence of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (MERS-CoV), scientists will announce on Friday that antibodies specific to it has been found in livestock animals, especially dromedary camels.
Antibodies specific to MERS-CoV were found in all 50 serum samples taken from dromedary camels in Oman. The Oman samples originated from a number of different locations in the country, suggesting that MERS-CoV, or a very similar virus, is circulating widely in dromedary camels in the region.
Lower levels of MERS-CoV-specific antibodies were also found in 14% (15) of serum samples taken from two herds of dromedaries (105 camels in total) from the Canary Islands, not previously known to be a location where MERS-CoV is circulating.
The research suggests that these animals have encountered MERS-CoV or a closely related virus, and may be one reservoir of the virus that is causing MERS in humans.
While recent research has shown that MERS-CoV can replicate in cell lines taken from bats which were thought to be the source of the 2002/03 SARS coronavirus outbreak and is closely related to a bat coronavirus in circulation, it seems unlikely that the virus is transmitting directly from bats to humans, given the generally shy and nocturnal habits of these creatures.
Dromedary camels are a popular animal species in the Middle East, where they are used for racing, and also for meat and milk, so there are different types of contact of humans with these animals that could lead to transmission of a virus
The finding will be published in journal The Lancet Infectious Diseases on Friday.
The fatality for this infection still remains pretty high, running around 60%.
A Way To Tell Which Eatery Can Leave You Sick Found
WASHINGTON: Scientists have developed a new system that tells you how likely it is for you to fall ill if you visit a particular restaurant by 'listening' to the tweets from other restaurant patrons.
The University of Rochester researchers said their system , nEmesis, can help people make more informed decisions, and it also has the potential to complement traditional public health methods for monitoring food safety , such as restaurant inspections.
The new system combines machine-learning and crowdsourcing techniques to analyse millions of tweets to find people reporting food poisoning symptoms following a restaurant visit. This volume of tweets would be impossible to analyse manually, the researchers noted.
The system "listens" to relevant public tweets and detects restaurant visits by matching up where a person tweets from and the known locations of restaurants. People will often tweet from their phones which are GPS enabled . This means that tweets can be "geotagged" : the tweet not only provides information in the 140 characters allowed , but also about where the user was at the time.
If a user tweets from a location that is determined to be a restaurant, the system will continue to track this person's tweets for 72 hours. If a user then tweets about feeling ill, the system captures the information that this person is now ill and had visited a specific restaurant.
In Quest For Life, Next Trip Will Be To Jupiter’s Moon
LONDON: Nasa is all set to launch one of its most ambitious projects — to find whether Jupiter's icy moon Europa is habitable.
The world's leading space exploration agency is certain that Europa may be able to support life.Nasa has commissioned a team of experts to consider the goals for a landed spacecraft mission to the surface of Europa and to investigate the composition and geology of its icy shell and the potential for life within its interior ocean.
The Nasa-appointed Science Definition Team on Thursday presented the three main objectives of a future mission designed to land a robotic spacecraft on the surface of Europa and to investigate its potential to support life. It will investigate the composition and chemistry of Europa's ocean, characterize the thickness, uniformity , and dynamics of its icy shell and study the moon's human-scale surface geology.
"Landing on Europa and touching its surface is a visionary goal of planetary science. Europa is the most likely place in our solar system beyond Earth to have life today , and a landed mission would be the best way to search for signs of life," says Robert Pappalardo from Nasa's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Europa is slightly smaller than the Earth's Moon. Like the Earth, Europa is thought to have an iron core, a rocky mantle and a surface ocean of salty water. Scientists know there may be enough oxygen in the waters of Europa to support millions of tons worth of fish.
The finding suggests the satellite could be capable of supporting the kinds of life familiar to us here on Earth, if only in microbial form. Europa is enveloped by a global ocean 160 km deep, with an icy crust that may be only a few miles thick.
The ice on the surface is made from hydrogen and oxygen, and the constant stream of radiation pouring in from Jupiter reacts with this ice to form free oxygen and other oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide. The reactivity of oxygen is key to generating the energy that helped multi-cellular life flourish on our planet.
Europa orbits Jupiter every 3.5 days and is phase locked -- just like Earth's Moon -- so that the same side of Europa faces Jupiter at all times. However, because Europa's orbit is eccentric (an oval or ellipse not a circle) when it is close to Jupiter the tide is much higher than when it is far from Jupiter.
Thus tidal forces raise and lower the sea beneath the ice, causing constant motion and likely causing the cracks we see in images of Europa's surface from visiting robotic probes.
This tidal heating causes Europa to be warmer than it would otherwise be at its average distance of about 780,000,000 km (485,000,000 miles) from the sun, more than five times as far as the distance from the Earth to the sun.
The warmth of Europa's liquid ocean could prove critical to the survival of simple organisms within the ocean, if they exist.
Europa was discovered on 8 January 1610 by Galileo Galilei. The discovery, along with three other Jovian moons, was the first time a moon was discovered orbiting a planet other than Earth. The discovery of the four Galilean satellites eventually led to the understanding that planets in our solar system orbit the sun, instead of our solar system revolving around Earth. Galileo apparently had observed Europa on 7 January 1610, but had been unable to differentiate it from Io until the next night.
Europa was originally designated Jupiter II by Galileo because it was the second satellite of Jupiter . Europa is named for the daughter of Agenor.
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